Taxes should be considered before timing or ownership decisions are finalized. The rules can be favorable, but the details matter.
The headline rule
The exclusion may shelter a significant portion of gain.
Under current federal rules, a qualifying individual may be able to exclude up to $250,000 of gain from the sale of a principal residence. Certain married couples filing jointly may qualify for up to $500,000. This applies to gain, not the gross sale price.
Ownership test
Generally, the home must have been owned for at least two of the five years before sale.
Use test
Generally, it must have been used as a principal residence for at least two of those five years.
Prior exclusion
A recent home-sale exclusion can affect eligibility.
Divorce rules
Special rules may apply to ownership transferred incident to divorce and to a former spouse occupying the home under a divorce or separation instrument.
What can change the calculation?
Original purchase price and certain acquisition costs
Documented capital improvements
Depreciation from rental or business use
Periods when the property was not a principal residence
Ownership transfers between spouses
Filing status in the year of sale
Whether either spouse previously used an exclusion
Closing costs and selling expenses
Questions to ask before signing an agreement
Who meets the ownership and use tests?
Will the sale occur before or after the divorce is final?
Will the parties file jointly or separately for the year of sale?
Has the home been rented, depreciated, or used for business?
Are improvement records available?
How will potential tax liabilities be allocated?
Could delayed occupancy affect future eligibility?
General federal information is based on IRS Topic No. 701 and IRS Publications 523 and 504. Tax law and individual facts change outcomes. Consult a qualified tax professional before acting.
A private first conversation
You do not have to solve every decision today.
Start by understanding the property, the available paths, and the questions to bring to your attorney, accountant, lender, and financial advisor.